The effect of concentration of sugar on osmotic activity

The impact of convergence of sugar on osmotic action Logical Theory: Assimilation is characterized as the development of water atoms through a semi-penetrable film from a zone of high fixation to a zone of low focus until a condition of harmony is reached. Balance is arrived without a moment's delay enough water has moved to adjust the solute focus on the two sides of the layer. Semi-penetrable films let little atoms, for example, water and oxygen to go through it yet huge particles, for example, proteins are kept from experiencing it as it is just incompletely porous. Assimilation happens over a halfway penetrable layer at whatever point there is a contrast between the water fixations on the different sides of the film. At the point when this happens to the cells they will either get bloated if water streams into them, or limp if water streams out of them. In this graph the layer isolates unadulterated water from an answer of sucrose and water. The layer is semi penetrable, water particles can cross it however the sucrose atoms are excessively enormous. The water arrangement will move from a lower convergence of solutes to one with a higher centralization of solutes. An answer with unadulterated solutes has more atoms that are allowed to move about and follow their fixation inclination over the layer; therefore there will be net development of water over this film from left to right (appeared by the yellow bolts on graph above). Sugar arrangement has a low water potential (very few water molecules).The water potential in the arrangement would be lower than that in the potato cell so the net development of water will move out of the potato through its layer into the sugar arrangement thus the potatos mass will diminish. The inverse occurs in water where the water potential is a lot higher than in the potato (very nearly 0). Here the net development of water will move into the potato so as to arriving at balance thus the heaviness of the potato increments. Point: To explore the impact of changing grouping of a specific sugar arrangement on the measure of osmotic movement between the arrangement and two vegetables (potato and yam) of a similar mass. To research if the extra glucose in yam affects its mass contrasted with the ordinary potato. Starter work: Before I begin to complete a test to research my point, I am going to lead a straightforward examination to confirm my insight into assimilation. Doing this analysis will likewise assist me with improving my primary investigation. Plan: For my fundamental trial I will utilize three distinct arrangements: sugar arrangement, unadulterated water, an answer comprising of half water and half sugar arrangement. I will likewise be utilizing potato chips which are for the most part equivalent in mass. A plug borer will be utilized to remove 3 potato chambers, the mass of the potato chambers will be Measured to ensure that they are equivalent in weight. At that point the mass of every one of the potato chip will be recorded. Next 3 estimating cylinders will be put on a test tube rack. Utilizing an estimating chamber tube 20ml of water, sugar arrangement and the arrangement comprising of half water and half sugar arrangement will be allotted and placed into three distinctive test tubes. So as to dodge any misunderstandings each test cylinder will be unmistakably named. One potato chip will be set in every arrangement and left for thirty minutes. A while later the potatoes will be removed from the arrangements and their masses will be estimated and recorded. Results: Beginning mass (g) Mass after (g) Contrast (g) Percent contrast 100% Water 0.48 0.55 0.07 + 6% half Water and half sugar 0.46 0.43 +0.03 - 14% 100 % Sugar 0.47 0.36 +0.11 - 23% Outline: Examination: From the outcomes that I have gotten, I can see a negative relationship between's the grouping of the sugar in the arrangement and the mass of the potato chip toward the finish of the trial. While the arrangement containing 100% sugar diminished in mass by 0.11g and the arrangement containing half sugar diminished in mass by 0.03g, the arrangement that contained 0% sugar expanded in mass by 0.07g. This shows in the two arrangements containing sugar the mass diminished on the grounds that water atoms moved out of the potato chips into the arrangement. The inverse occurred with the water arrangement; water moved from the arrangement into the potato chip. By and large I was please with the outcomes as they concurred with what I have just found out about assimilation. The outcomes that I got likewise demonstrated patterns that could later be extended in my primary e explore. Changes: Over the entirety of my primer analysis was a triumph and the outcomes I got were exact and helpful. Anyway for my principle try I am going to make a few enhancements with the goal that I can get the most ideal outcomes. Right off the bat I am going to try different things with yam chips just as potato chips since I might want to explore if the extra glucose in the yam affects its mass. Also I will utilize a more extensive determination of sugar focuses so as to gather a bigger amount of exact outcomes. I am going to utilize water and 4 different focuses. This will empower me to compose an end that is progressively exact. In my primer trial I just did the analysis once. I am going to rehash my fundamental trial multiple times, by doing so I will acquire trust in my outcomes as they will be increasingly solid. By rehashing the trial I will have the option to recognize any abnormalities. Further more in my primer analysis I was unable to remove the potato chips from the arrangements si multaneously. I likewise experienced this difficult when putting the potato chips into the arrangements. For my fundamental trial I will conquer this issue by soliciting a couple from my partners to assist me with putting the potato chips into the arrangement and take them out simultaneously. This will make my outcomes progressively precise and reasonable. Principle Experiment Forecast: I foresee that for the potato chip in water the mass will increment since water has a higher water potential than the potato chip so water atoms will move from the water into the potato chip, making it increment in weight. The inverse occurs with sugar arrangement since sugar arrangement has low water potential so water atoms will move out of the potato chip into the sugar arrangement. Along these lines I foresee that as the grouping of sugar in the arrangement builds the mass of the potato chambers will diminish. I would anticipate that yams should have a lower water potential (relatively few water particle) than ordinary potatoes, since they are sweet and subsequently should have contain sugar. Consequently for the yam chips I foresee that from the start the mass of the yam will increment at the same time, as the centralization of sugar in the arrangement increments past the isotonic point the mass of the potato chambers will diminish. I anticipate that the diagrams for the both the vegetables will be similar.My expectation can be shown in the accompanying charts: Yam Potato Security: While I do this analysis, it is essential to think about security. Absence of wellbeing in science labs can not just imperil me and my individual schoolmates yet can likewise create poor and futile outcomes. Following security methods ensures the lab, its kin and nature. Safe labs likewise help produce powerful outcomes. These are the security estimates I took: All sacks were gotten well far from the territory of work with the goal that no pathways were being blocked and the danger of somebody stumbling over was decreased. All stools were taken care of under the tables so as to maintain a strategic distance from a bystander stumbling over. Both this point and the one above can end up being deadly if the casualty is holding any hazardous gear for example Surgical tool, corrosive and so on. It can likewise cause spills. Free hair was tied up; sleeves moved up and head scarfs concealed. Hair and apparel can disrupt the general flow while working. It is likewise perilous also, can cause spills, ruin tests and even possibly hurt me or others around me. No headphones, scarves or adornments was worn as these can get on hardware and cause spill or harms. Securely glasses were worn consistently to guarantee our eyes were shielded from and possible threat. It was ensured that the work zone was away from any pointless things, for example, understanding books and organizers as these can disrupt everything and cause mishaps. Working unobtrusively and cautiously. Talking pointlessly can be an interruption to me and others around me, when diverted it is simpler to commit errors that can not exclusively be risky yet can likewise influence my outcomes. Chipped and broken glass wear was not utilized as this could break all the more effectively whenever took care of a ton and make a wreck. It can likewise cause wounds. Outrageous consideration was taken when utilizing gear made of glass for example test tubes. Eating and savoring the labs is illegal as the food may come into contact with some destructive substance. This could be dangerous for the shopper. When utilizing knifes a non-slip surface was utilized to cut on so nobody was harmed. In the wake of completing the trials, I washed my hands in light of the fact that my hands could be sullied with synthetic concoctions, regardless of whether they were not utilized by me. All hardware was securely put away after use as leaving undesirable gear around can cause mishaps and disrupt the general flow. Precision and Reliability There are the assignments, which I embraced to guarantee dependable and exact outcomes were delivered. To wipe out all prospects of broken mistakes; I rehashed my trial multiple times. Moreover, I had no under 5 distinct fixations, so I acquired satisfactory outcomes. So as to expand the unwavering quality of the outcomes, I discovered increasingly exact estimations of mass by utilizing an Electronic parity. When estimating the potato and yam chambers, I hung tight for at any rate 10 seconds to guarantee that the figure showed on the computerized scale was not flicking. In the event that any readings appeared to be odd, I took an extra perusing just certainly. I cooperatively, with the assistance of 3 different individuals, me

Dona Perfecta Essay

Dona Perfecta, composed by B. Perez Galdos, is a novel that investigates the contention between the new dynamic development and the old strict way of thinking. This contention happens in the little Spanish town of Orbajosa. Intolerant Catholic devotees rule Orbajosa. The most noticeable of the radicals is Dona Perfecta. Dona is conventional catholic and endeavors to battle any restriction to her fixed convictions. Pepe Rey, her nephew, presents the greatest test to Dona since he is an architect who depends on logical reality as opposed to strict confidence. Dona feels just as Pepe is testing her and the towns’ employment. This conviction drives Dona to turn the town against Pepe, yet additionally to have him executed. Dona’s Catholic conviction framework is just a veneer to her underhanded nature. The town of Orbajosa is introduced to be a little yet welcoming town. Pepe is invited to the town heartily and cheerfully. Dona is the first to welcome Pepe when the storyteller states, â€Å"the genuine articulation of her love, was accepting him at the entryway itself in her cherishing arms† (23). Dona seems, by all accounts, to be a cherishing and affable character. She likewise astounds Pepe with her long arrangements to his room when the storyteller states, â€Å"Pepe perceived in all the subtleties of the room the persevering and adoring hand of the woman† (24). Dona has demonstrated that she is fit for being caring and adoring towards the individuals who represent no danger to her way of life. Nonetheless, it is just when Pepe impugns religion that Dona feels undermined and starts to delight her abhorrent nature. When Pepe and the town standard, Don Inocencio, meet, the men conflict with their goals. Both are smart and along these lines, are obstinate. Pepe uncovers to Don Inocencio that science is more legitimate than religion when he states, â€Å"Mysticism in religion, routine in science, characteristic in craftsmanship, are coming up short, as the Pagan divine beings fell† (36). Pepe communicates his feelings about science and religion decisively. Wear Incencio and the towns’ individuals of Orbajosa feel that Pepe is undauntedly against their convictions. Expanding ill will is the aftereffect of Pepe’s dynamic attitude. Dona feels just as Pepe is a risk to the town’s lifestyle and the best way to dispose of the issue is to eliminate it totally. Dona is urgent to dispose of Pepe. She realizes that Pepe represents the perhaps to defile the towns goals with his dynamic way of thinking. Dona concludes that the town must betray Pepe. Dona blames Pepe for being ill bred in the congregation when she states, â€Å"between thinking things and indicating them in that contemptuous way, there is a separation which a man of good sense and great rearing ought to never cross† (56). Dona wants to make unjustifiable allegations about Pepe so as to influence the general feeling against Pepe. Pepe himself perceives the preposterousness of Dona’s allegation when he states, â€Å"I have demonstrated no scorn for any one, nor do I engage the thoughts which you credit to me† (57). Pepe is pained by the possibility that his own auntie would blame him for such unimportant acts. Pepe realizes that his dynamic goals are threatening to the town and are making doubt among him and Orbajosa. Dona realizes that the best way to genuinely dispose of Pepe is to execute him. Dona is overcome with the possibility that the town of Orbajosa is changing from a conventional outlook to a dynamic mentality. In response, Dona arranges the murdering of Pepe. She at that point lies about the slaughtering saying that Pepe ended it all when she states, â€Å"Pepe Rey at around twelve o’clock the previous evening entered the nursery of the house and shot himself in the privilege temple† (218). Dona produced this lie so as to conceal her malevolent activity. Dona depended on outrageous and detestable measures so as to save her method of thought. Her name Dona Perfecta is amusing as in Dona is a long way from impeccable in light of the fact that she is underhanded. The bad form that Dona submits revels the genuine dishonest nature of Dona as well as the double-dealing nature of Orbajosa overall. Dona Perfecta utilizes the contention among Pepe and Dona to show the solid restriction the dynamic development faces. While Pepe was invited from the start, he was before long shunned and aggrieved for his contemplations. The towns’ individuals of Orbajosa felt Pepe may compromise their lifestyle. Extraordinary measures were taken by Dona to settle Pepe. Maybe Galdos means the peruser to see that while individuals may give off an impression of being acceptable, in all actuality, they are not what they appear.

Blogging My Way to a Passionate Life

Blogging My Way to a Passionate Life I’m writing this post after recently finishing a year-long stint at CityLab â€" The Atlantic magazine’s website on the urbanized world. Amid covering everything from Kanye’s visit to Harvard’s design school and a birth on a D.C. metro platform to wild architectural proposals and all the maps the Internet could ever want, my first year of post-MIT life flew by just like that. This past year was full of big changesâ€"new city, new friends, new line of work. In the first few months of adjusting to fast-paced Internet #Journalism…between trying to pitch and write articles as quickly as I could and observing web traffic data as soon as my articles are published, I noticed that I’ve quickly ditched all the ways I’d been distilling my thoughts over the last 4-5 years. That is, in addition to no longer blogging on MIT Admissions about what I’m thinking/going through, I’ve also stopped updating the Tumblr I’d kept since my senior year of high school (the one I included in my MIT blogger application). The station manager speaks about the birth on the metro platform he walked away exclaiming, “The metro delivers!” This past year I wrote a great many articles for CityLab. Yet it feels as though I’ve lost (at least part of) my voice. In the process of learning how to put together an effective piece of magazine-y Internet article with a hint of viral potential, I’ve forgotten how to share thoughts and informationwithout latent concerns for how the content will perform, how it stacks up to other people writing on the same subject, how commenters (!!!) will respond. Autumn in D.C.   Sometime last fall, Ta-Nehisi Coates, a national correspondent/senior editor at The Atlantic and former professor of mine (he was a visiting scholar at MIT these past two years) was taking care of some business at the office. We obviously chatted about writing. At one point, he asked, “Do you have a blog where you can write about whatever you want?” (TNC himself is famous for thinking out loud on his corner of the web.) In that moment, I took the question lightly. Yeah? Maybe? Does it matter? I don’t have enough time to think of things to write for CityLab as is. Of course, now I realize it matters a lot. Three shots I took during a D.C. summer storm this Instagram pic is here because I like it, also this posts needs more pictures :)   It turns out, the “What are you passionate about?” question, which can be exciting for some and awfully stress-inducing for others, comes back time and time again after college apps. Over the last year, whether in pitching story ideas to my editor or seeking advice from other writers/editors, a lot of the discussion boiled down to: what are you curious about? My editor always pushed me to chase after stories I’m deeply interested inâ€"and over time, I also began noticing that awesome writing stems from the author being passionately curious about whatever he or she is writing about. In the context of college admissions and everything ambitious young people apply to these days, the word “Passion” just feels so worn, with so much pressure attached. It feels like the expectation is that not only should you know what your Passion is, but you should also be reasonably well-versed in it. For me recently, the goal has been to kick that expectationâ€" heaven knows where I got it came fromâ€"to the curb. For one, Ive made a vow to revive my Tumblr and resume jotting down Whateverall the things that I like and dont like, that make me think, that make me want to smash my keyboard. I’m convinced that if I’m living a truly passionate life, where I’m earnest and courageous about the questions that intrigue me, then I’d also be comfortable with working in the presence of people already much more experienced/knowledgeable/accomplished; I’d feel compelled to reach out and connect with peers interested in the same things; I’d feel at peace with being able to add just a little bit more to my mind and soul at a time. For a few weeks this summer, my church in D.C. replaced sermons with a talk series called “My Most Important Question”, during which church members are invited to discuss the major issues challenging their faith. One speaker this time around was a NBC News senior political reporter who goes on TV regularly, gets recognized on the streetsbasically, pretty successful. Yet his Most Important Question still revolves around whether his job is actually what he’s been called to do. One thing he said has stuck with me:  We tend to overestimate what we can do in a short period of time and underestimate what we can do in a long period of time. Here, he reminds us that a career is 40 years longâ€"it will take a long time to accomplish a lot, so live into it. Be present, persistent, patient, and take one step at a time.

Cursive Writing for Learning Disabled

Its not uncommon for special education students to struggle with writing. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, and various kinds of language-based disorders make themselves very pronounced when children are learning to write. But its less common for teachers to make this counter-intuitive move: Try cursive.   Generally considered to be more difficult for children than writing in manuscript (block letters) and losing ground in the battle for productive class time, script is finding a late-career resurgence with the special-ed crowd. Not only are there benefits to cursive writing that bleed into other skills (for example, the fine-motor workout of cursive writing has salutary effects on similar fingerwork), some scientists believe that children who can write neatly in script are better at math and other analysis. Why You Should Consider Cursive If handwriting is a struggle, give cursive writing a shot. Dont worry that handwriting (and reading handwriting) is becoming something of a lost art—all students, especially special ed kids, benefit from successes. Here are some reasons you may want to flip the script in your classroom: The letters flow much more easily, and usually only one movement is necessary. Children often struggle with the many fine movements required to print. For children with motor-planning issues, remembering where to put the circles and sticks, crossing ts and dotting is, and remembering the orientation of each letter is no easy task. How often have you seen these children confuse bs and ds and put the circles on ps on the wrong side?Spaces separate words in cursive, while the letters are joined. Therefore, phonetics are joined together. Many students find that script writing is conceptually easier to grasp in this regard.  Rarely will you see reversals in cursive writing, unlike printing. Children respond well to the left-to-right flow of writing.Teaching cursive saves time. Why spend time to learn printing first, when children will learn it through reading? Its simply not essential to have students print and learn cursive at the same time.  Most teachers report that children who le arn handwriting exclusively show no difficulties reading print. Thats not always the case when children learn printing first. In fact, many teachers moving to cursive writing instead of print report that it was the best move for their students. Some Advice for Teaching Cursive Stick with it.Begin with the letters without loops (t, i, d, p, m, n, r).Show the child how to slant the paper to make writing more natural.Begin with lowercase letters.Remember that motor skills of children with learning disabilities are often weak, provide dotted cursive writing paper for ease and guide the childs hand. Direct teaching is recommended. Remember to be patient, in the long run youre saving teaching time!

Police Brutality And Its Effects On Minority Citizens

Recently in the news, Police have been under scrutiny for brutality, especially against minority citizens. There is no question that police officers face an extremely difficult job that puts them in life-threating situations, with split-second decisions that could be the difference of life and death. With the advent of low cost cameras, especially cell phone cameras, police are under constituent scrutiny. Is police brutality really an issue, or is it just an attempt to undermine our police officers? With American citizens losing their life to police officers, it’s worth a closer look. Those who don’t believe police brutality is an issue argue that police brutality and abuse is exaggerated, and that rarely do officers use excessive force. They believe that criminals file false complaints in attempt to manipulate the justice system. When officers do use lethal force, it is in tense situations with instant decisions that need to be made. Another popular statement is â€Å"a few bad apples,† which means that there are a large number of officers in the U.S. so there is bound to be a few crocked cops. Those that believe police brutality is an issue argue that it is most likely a much larger issue than we know. They believe that the â€Å"blue wall of silence,† in which officers do not report against one another, and the cover up culture actually hide the issue. In addition, they believe that the fact that officers do not get charged with crimes when caught committing police brutality onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Police Brutality On The Relationship1243 Words   |  5 Pages Bad Blood: The Effects of Police Brutality on the Relationship Between Minorities and the Police Brandon Seigle June 16, 2017 CRJS 498 NC AT University ..................Column Break..................As children we are taught that not only are police officers our friends, but that their job is to protect and serve our communities. Unfortunately, for many minorities this image is shattered as incident after incident occurs in the streets of their communities. With today’s technology, theseRead MorePolice Brutality And The United States1630 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality is an ongoing problem and existent concern in the United States and should be resolved immediately. Law enforcement must function as an element that consists of organized and civilized officers. The presence of police brutality is becoming more of an issue as society grows. The problem posed by the illegal exercise of police power is an ongoing reality for individuals of a disfavored race, class, or sexual orientation. Police brutality must be stopped so that police do not forgetRead MorePolice Brutality Of The United States1415 Words   |  6 Pag esPolice Brutality Police abuse is one of the most violated human rights in the United States. 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This is a ruthless act and issue that continues to be a major problem for both people in law enforcement, but majorly to the public and is life threatening. It is a saddening act that jeopardizes the civil rights of citizens and the rights of people around the world. Police officersRead MoreThe Reality Of Police Brutality1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reality of Police Brutality: What it Means for Chicago Ever since the case of Trayvon Martin being shot in 2013, dozens and dozens of cases of injustice have been brought up to the eyes of the media and the law. Lately, the majority of those cases have been about police brutality, and it’s taken such a strong effect on the public that movements have been born out of it, such as the BlackLivesMatter movement. The situation has reached a point to where President Obama stepped out and addressed

Infomercial Analyis Free Essays

Insanity Infomercial The Beach Body Insanity program boasts as being the hardest workout on DVD. This comes across different than most programs offering to assist with weight loss and exercise. Most info commercials, today try to lure the consumers in by how easy the program is to follow and how effortless the workout is; and some even claim that a lifestyle change is not necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Infomercial Analyis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Insanity program has people saying how hard this program is, that the program requires dedication and a decision to change your lifestyle. Incorporating the Insanity program into an individual’s lifestyle will take a commitment to make 45 minutes a day for the workout and to plan to eat healthy. Most people can make time for this workout; especially since it does not require any special equipment; you use your body as resistance, stretching and is a very high cardiovascular exercises. Whether you are in shape or a coach potato, this comes across as not for the faint at heart; not many programs trying to sell it to someone trying to get in shape that people have thrown up on the first day. One of the benefits about Insanity is that there are DVDs, while there is a preplanned work out on a printed calendar to follow, can be customized to fit any fitness program by pausing the program or taking the necessary breaks one needs and to start back. Most people can stick to a program for 30 days, with this program it indicates that you will see results in that time frame; as well as seeing a body that would take most people a year to achieve in 60 days. This program seems to be expensive, with shipping and handling it cost $145. 0; if you take into account that a gym membership is $20. 00 a month, then the membership alone would $240. 00 for a year. To be able to achieve the results that the commercial states a physical trainer would need to set a workout program for most people at an additional cost. Taking the cost of a year’s membership at a local gym and a program that states you can see the same results in 60 days, the amount of time that would be saved this progra m is comparable and cheaper than other fitness programs. I believe that the Insanity program has truthfully presented the potential benefits of the program because it is not promising an easy fix. It clearly states that dedication and a commitment is necessary. It also comes across as not easy by offering a reward for completing the 60 day program. It also, discusses that a nutritional change is required. An alternative to Insanity would be a workout totaling 45 minute workout. I would recommend doing the following: * 1500-caloric intake diet high in protein and fiber; low in fat and sugar. * Exercising 6 days a week * High intensity exercises with less rest time 4 days. * Yoga the other 2 day. Making lifestyle changes and adding an exercise program is going to be hard and take dedication. Whether you decide to purchase a program from an infomercial, walk in your neighborhood or join a gym; it is important to just commit and allow room for error but make the necessary changes to have a healthier lifestyle. How to cite Infomercial Analyis, Papers

Sam Hallys Relationship in Master Harold and the Boys Essay Example

Sam Hallys Relationship in Master Harold and the Boys Essay December 6th, 2010 An analysis of Sam and Hally’s relationship in Master Harold†¦ and the boys Athol Fugard’s Master Harold†¦and the boys provides a simple setting in which the main focus shifts from the plot to the story’s characters. The relationship of the play’s two main characters, Sam and Hally, becomes quite apparent from the beginning of the play. Their relationship took on many different forms, each serving a different purpose. The relationship between Sam and Hally at the beginning of the play can be described as father and son, friend and friend, and employer and employee. As we can see from the conversations between Sam and Hally, as well as Hally and his mother, Hally’s father is in the hospital. It becomes apparent that the subject of his father is a touchy one, indicating that there is some form of conflict there. Because of the lack of father-figure in Hally’s life, he finds one in Sam. We can see their relationship take on a more father-and-son style when Sam is encouraging Hally to do well in his studies, as well as when Sam is trying to calm Hally down after the call from his mother. Hally had to deal with the loss of the fatherly relationship at a very young age. We will write a custom essay sample on Sam Hallys Relationship in Master Harold and the Boys specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sam Hallys Relationship in Master Harold and the Boys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sam Hallys Relationship in Master Harold and the Boys specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because of this he searched for the closest thing he could find to it, which was his mother’s employee. This affiliation developed and eventually stemmed off, but it mostly likely originated as a young boy desperately seeking for someone to fill the empty role of a father. Hally and Sam also share a friendly relationship. The author utilizes flashbacks to explain the length and depth of their friendship. When Hally was young, he would spend days in Hally and Willie’s room away from his mother, playing chess or flying kites. When Sam first brought up the subject, Hally barely even remembered because he was so young. Their room would be his safe haven, his place to escape to, and it was a large part of his childhood. Sam and Willie became friends instead of the employees that they were. Even so, it is obvious that Sam and Hally have more of a friendship than Willie and Hally. Willie calls Hally â€Å"Master Hally†, while Sam feels comfortable enough to simply call him â€Å"Hally†. Another area in which their friendship is extremely apparent is school work. One might say that they take on more of a teacher-student relationship in reference to schoolwork, but it is more of a friendly way in which Hally teaches Sam. When Sam is reading and mispronounces a word, Hally simply corrects him nonchalantly. He does not make a large fuss about Sam’s limited knowledge, or makes Sam feel inferior. He simply corrects him and moves on. Hally also shows genuine interest on Sam’s opinion during their conversation on the Men of Magnitude. He does correct Sam, but he does it in such a way that it is constructive and gets Sam to think instead of making him feel embarrassed. This is true for about 90% of the conversation, while the other 10% is a completely different story, which brings one to the next point. Although Hally and Sam’s relation is for the most part constructive, there are times where it can be particularly poisonous. In spite of all of their years of friendship and support given on both sides, Hally is still a white boy, and Sam is still a black man, and there is nothing they can do to change that. Hally still feels a slight superiority over Sam and Willie, however subliminal or instinctive it may be. When one gets down to it, Hally is still the employer, and Sam is still the employee. This superiority becomes apparent several times, such as when Hally says â€Å"Act your bloody age! Cut out the nonsense now and get on with your work. (18). Hally feels comfortable swearing in front of the men, which may show a lack of respect he has for them. Also, when Sam tells Hally that his father may be discharged from the hospital, Hally immediately goes on the defensive and accuses Sam of hearing wrong. He cannot fathom that he would be the one who was mistaken, so he assumes it was the lesser of the two of them. This instinct has been bore into Hally, and it might no longer be his fault. After years and years of everyone around him treating these black men like they were lesser, a young, impressionable boy like himself cannot remain untainted. It becomes a way of life, and goes unnoticed. This can also be symbolized as the kite that Sam built for Hally. Kites fly on their own, and believe that they are free, but then they are pulled back. No matter how far away they are, there will always be that string to pull them back, to control them. Even though Sam was lead to believe that him and Hally were on more personal terms, Hally’s sudden professional attitude whenever things did not go his way brought him back to reality. That Hally was his boss, and he was simply an employee. Sam and Hally have a very complicated relationship. It takes on many levels, each having its own benefits and disadvantages to the other person. These levels are father and son, friend to friend, and employer and employee. Hally seems to alter the relationship to whatever suits him best. If things are going well, then he enjoys the relationship. If things take a bad turn, he turns the relationship professional. Sooner or later Hally is going to have to realize that he cannot manipulate the relationship as he has been doing, and that if he continues to do whatever he wishes he will lose Sam in the process.

James A. Van Allen Biography

James A. Van Allen Biography You cant see it or feel it, but more than a thousand miles above Earths surface, theres a region of charged particles that protects our atmosphere from destruction by the solar wind and cosmic rays. Its called the Van Allen belt, named for the man who discovered it.   Meet the Belt Man Dr. James A. Van Allen was an astrophysicist best known for his work on the physics of the magnetic field that surrounds our planet. He was particularly interested in its interactions with the solar wind, which is a stream of charged particles flowing from the Sun. (When it slams into our atmosphere, it causes a phenomenon called space weather). His discovery of radiation regions high above Earth followed up on an idea held by other scientists that charged particles could be trapped in the uppermost part of our atmosphere.  Van Allen worked on Explorer 1, the first U.S. artificial satellite to be placed in orbit, and this spacecraft revealed the secrets of Earths magnetosphere. That included the existence of the belts of charged particles that bear his name.   James Van Allen was born in Mount Pleasant, Iowa on September 7, 1914. He attended Iowa Wesleyan College where he received his Bachelor of Science degree. He went on to the University of Iowa and worked on a degree in solid state physics, and took a Ph.D. in nuclear physics in 1939. Wartime Physics Following school, Van Allen accepted employment with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, where he studied photodisintegration.Thats a process where a high-energy photon (or packet) of light is absorbed by an atomic nucleus. The nucleus then splits to form lighter elements, and releases a neutron, or a proton or an alpha particle. In astronomy, this process occurs inside certain types of supernovae.   In April 1942, Van Allen joined the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at Johns Hopkins University where he worked to develop a rugged vacuum tube and did research on proximity fuzes (used in explosives and bombs). Later in 1942, he entered the Navy, serving in the South Pacific Fleet as an assistant gunnery officer to field test and complete operational requirements for the proximity fuzes. Post-War Research   After the war, Van Allen returned to civilian life and worked in high altitude research. He worked at the Applied Physics Laboratory, where he organized and directed a team to conduct high-altitude experiments. They used V-2 rockets captured from the Germans.   In 1951, James Van Allen became head of the physics department at the University of Iowa. A few years later, his  career took an important turn when he and several other American scientists developed proposals for the launch of a scientific satellite. It was to be part of the research program conducted during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. From Earth to the Magnetosphere After the success of the Soviet Unions Sputnik 1 launch in 1957, Van Allen ¹s Explorer spacecraft was approved for launch on a Redstone rocket. It flew on January 31, 1958, and returned enormously important scientific data about the radiation belts circling the Earth. Van Allen became a celebrity due to the success of that mission, and he went on to achieve other important scientific projects in space. In one way or another, Van Allen was involved in the first four Explorer probes, the first Pioneers, several Mariner efforts, and an orbiting geophysical observatory. James A. Van Allen retired from the University of Iowa in 1985 to become Carver Professor of Physics, Emeritus, after having served as the head of the Department of Physics and Astronomy from 1951. He died of heart failure at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City on August 9, 2006. In honor of his work, NASA named two radiation belt storm probes after him. The Van Allen Probes were launched in 2012 and have been studying the Van Allen Belts and near-Earth space. Their data is helping the design of spacecraft that can better withstand trips through this high-energy region of Earths magnetosphere.   Edited and revised by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Customs Regulations for Bringing Tobacco Into Canada

Customs Regulations for Bringing Tobacco Into Canada When returning to Canada, residents are generally given a personal exemption on goods they bring back with them from another country. But when it comes to tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, tobacco sticks and loose tobacco, this general exemption does not apply. However, Canadian residents and temporary residents of Canada returning from a trip outside Canada, as well as former Canadian residents returning to live in Canada, are allowed to bring a limited amount of these tobacco products into the country without having to pay duty or taxes under certain circumstances. When considering your return to Canada, remember that this duty-free allowance applies only if the tobacco accompanies you, and you have been outside Canada for more than 48 hours. Duty-Free Allowance When Returning With Tobacco A special duty will apply to cigarettes, tobacco sticks or manufactured tobacco unless the products  are marked DUTY  PAID CANADA DROIT ACQUITTÉ. Tobacco products sold at duty-free shops are marked this way. When returning to Canada with tobacco, these products are considered in units. Each bulleted item is considered one unit, and residents can return with  all of the following units: 200 cigarettes50 cigars or cigarillos200 grams (7 ounces) of manufactured tobacco200 tobacco sticks Bringing More or Other Tobacco Products Into Canada You may bring in more than the personal allowances of tobacco listed above as long as you pay full duties, taxes, and provincial or territorial fees on the extra. Canadian-made products marked DUTY PAID CANADA DROIT ACQUITTÉ are taken into account when customs officials calculate what you must pay. You can also bring unmarked tobacco products into Canada, and they will be assessed a special duty rate and taxes. Your personal duty-free allowance does not count for these unmarked tobacco products, and the limit for this tobacco is five total units from the bulleted list above.​   Tips for Clearing Customs With Tobacco To speed things up and simplify your return, have your tobacco products available for inspection when you arrive at the border.Be sure to declare all tobacco on a CBSA Declaration Card.Only residents 18 years or older can bring any tobacco back to Canada.Contact the  Canada Borders Services Agency  with any additional questions.

Qatar Balance of Payments Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qatar Balance of Payments Analysis - Assignment Example The fact that Qatar relied to very solely on investments in the oil sector lead to very low investment inflows which then kept the income balance of Qatar very low. The income from foreign direct investment was generally low in comparison with that of other countries. The deficit in the income balance of Qatar in 1997-2007 estimated to have averagely $ 2 billion which is responsible for the deficit in balance of payment during that period. According to CIA World Factbook (2013), statistics on the economy of Qatar shows that the country imports more service than what they export. Since 1997 to 2007 the general amount of exports from Qatar were estimated to be about $12 billion while their imports were estimated to be about $38 billion. However, their major exports were goods while the service industry contributed small portion of their exports. This therefore led to more imports on the service which then amounted to deficit balance on the services. This then shows that the general services balance of Qatar had been in a deficit before the country took a step to diversify their economy in 2008. The external borrowings of Qatar have also been increasing between the years 1997 and 2007 which was an estimate of about $ 1 billion increase. The increase in the borrowings of Qatar was from both the private and foreign sources. These needed to develop the natural gas in Qatar. This therefore led to the increase in the current transfers of the country of Qatar between 1997 and 2007. With increased current transfers and unfavourable balance of trade on services and income, the country of Qatar has persistently registered a deficit in its balance of payment in

Touching The Heart of Buddhas Teachings Term Paper

Touching The Heart of Buddhas Teachings - Term Paper Example Perhaps the best way to approach the core of Buddhism is to ask, first of all, what the word Buddhism means. Buddhism comes from the word Buddha, whose root word, budh simply means awake. The Buddha, whose root word, budh simply means awake. The Buddha, therefore, is simply one who is awake. In the Anguttara Nikaya, one of the major collections of Buddhist texts, we are told that a Brahmin (a Hindu priest) once encountered the Buddha and asked him a series of questions: â€Å"The Brahmin Dona saw the Buddha sitting under a tree and was impressed by his peaceful air of alertness and his good looks. He asked the Buddha: Are you a God? No, Brahmin, I am not a God. Then an angel? No, indeed, Brahmin. A spirit, then? No, I am not a spirit. Then what are you? I am awake.† (Bancroft 8). When the Buddha said that he was awake, what he implied was that he was once, like most of us, asleep. To be asleep is to be ignorant of our true nature. It means that there is so much about ourselves and the world that we do not understand. If we could only open our eyes and be awake, then we, too, can be Buddhas. This, in fact, is one of the central teachings of Buddhism: that each of us is a potential Buddha, that each of us has the seed of enlightenment. All we need to do is to work at it. All we need to do is to nurture the seed of enlightenment. This brings us to the life story of Buddha. What are the key elements of Buddha’s life story? Why are they so important? What do these teachings tell us? These are among the questions that I shall address in this paper. The Buddha was born around 560 B.C. in what is now Southern Nepal (Zukeran 1). He was Indian, and was born a prince. His name was Siddhartha. The story of his life starts right after he was born, when an astrologer came to the kingdom and predicted that Siddhartha would either become a great king or a great spiritual leader. When Siddhartha’s father heard this, the king made sure that Siddhartha would not be exposed to the difficulties of life. So the king surrounded Prince Siddhartha with all the possible pleasures one could possibly imagine, and he was not exposed to any difficulties or suffering whatsoever. However, the prince developed a great curiosity about the world outside the palace walls. When Siddhartha left the palace walls with this charioteer named Chandaka, he first noticed a bent, wrinkled old man. This was something he had never seen before. On another trip outside the palace walls, Siddhartha saw a man suffering from some kind of disease. On a third occasion , Siddhartha encountered a funeral procession and saw a dead body inside a box followed by crying relatives. He was horrified. On a fourth occasion, Siddhartha encountered a wandering mock who seemed very happy, serene, and contented. When he asked Chandaka who this person was, Chandaka said: â€Å"this is a holy man who has renounced worldly life and entered upon a life of homelessness† (Kohn 11). These key events are what led Siddhartha to a deep realization: that everything is ravaged by time; that we don’t live forever; and that life, at its very root, is filled with suffering. These facts motivated Siddhartha to look for a cure for suffering. In doing so, he vowed to continue sitting in meditation until he found the solution to the problem of suffering. One day, Siddhartha attained enlightenment. During this enlightenment, he was finally able to discover the cure that he was seeking. At first, he thought that he could not teach what he had discovered, since what h e had discovered seemed so profound. But he got up from under the tree, and met a few friends who had deserted him. It is to these friends that he gave his first sermon – the four noble truths. This is where Buddha’s life story becomes significant. The four noble truths are the foundational teachings of Buddhism. These teachings tell us that first, human existence is characterized by suffering. Second, that there

William Blake | Critique Of Organized Religion

William Blake | Critique Of Organized Religion William Blake is known to be a lunatic of his time, from 1757 to 1827, for producing imaginative engravings and mystical poems with radical opinions regarding society and fundamental beliefs. For this reason, his work was not appreciated by the general public at that time even though they eventually became extremely influential on the literary movement known as Romanticism. His condemnation of the authoritarianism nature of organized religion is blatantly shown in Songs of Experience through the depiction of relentless suffering because of the belief that organized religion and social injustice are essentially conflated. For instance in The Garden of Love from Experience, Blake creates a contrast between the innocence and carefree nature of children [playing] on the green, which is also seen in The Echoing Green in Songs of Innocence, and criticism of the Church represented by the metonym, Chapel. The reference to green represents the centre of the village community before the Indust rial Revolution and more importantly, to the innocence of the prelapsarian. In addition, the fact that the Chapel is built in the midst illustrates the view that the Church predominantly causes corruption and hardship in society where contentment is a thing of the past as implied by the expression used to. Consequently, the binary opposition of innocence, the idyllic nature of childhood and experience, the corruption of mankind in the titles of the volumes is an ironic contrast to symbolize the constraints of religious doctrines and the agony inflicted on people as a result. Gaining worldly experiences and knowledge will ultimately distort our innocence; so Blake criticizes the Church and its part in causing as well as upholding social injustice during the Industrial Revolution. This is worthy of exploring because Blake is a poet of the first generation of romanticism so he wrote passionate poems as a protest during the Industrial Revolution when values are shifted and oppression of the poor was a norm. Therefore we are able to get an insight into what people felt during that time of adversity through Blakes powerful lyrical delivery using poetic language, rather than having to interpret meaningless facts and figures. The isolated Songs of Innocence was first published in 1789, and the combined volume of Songs of Innocence and of Experience was later published in 1794, which turns out to be one of the most famous illuminated books Blake has ever composed. He brought about a groundbreaking technique at the time, relief etching, which enabled him to combine visuals and words to present a holistic representation of his vision to the reader. The combination of the two volumes includes an extra subtitle Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul, to illustrate the two extremes of mankind; innocence which can be associated with the prelapsarian before The Fall of Man and experience, usually associated with the postlapsarian. This can be seen in the engravings on the title page of this volume of flames representing Gods wrath blasting over Adam and Eve who are covering their loins, illustrating their state of experience. As well as that, the additional heading emphasizes the importance of Blakes intention for the two originally separated books to be read side by side, so a complete argument is offered because Without contraries is no progression, he insisted. For instance, complementary poems of the same name like Introduction can be found in both Songs, acting as commentaries on each other with diverse viewpoints. The poem from the Innocence collection is simple with an optimistic tone, showing life through the eyes of children. In the first two lines, we sense that the narrator is youthful and untainted by the world because the repetition of Piping suggests a purely spontaneous and natural form of music. In addition, the fact that the songs are without lyrics symbolizes that in this period of innocence children are not confined to the complex meanings spoken words denote. As a direct contrast, in Introduction of Experience, The Holy Word has been heard by people; signifying complexity is brought into life after gaining experiences and they are subjected to exploitation an d suffering. Other than that, we can observe from the title pages of both Songs the graduation of life. This is because the young children portrayed in Innocence receive education from a nurse, which represents joy and innocence as shown in Nurses Song, the nurse says My heart is at rest within my breast And everything is still when she watches children play on the field. A similar form of innocence is evident in her because she takes pleasure in watching her children in their carefree spirit. However on the title page of Experience, the young children from Innocence are grown up and shown to be weeping by the deathbed of their parents. This symbolizes that children eventually have to grow to endure the harsh experiences life brings, for example death as signified by Runs in blood down Palace walls in London. In addition, they are prone to experience suffering that life as well as society brings to them, the latter being ironical because of the exploitation of children during that period in jobs like chimney sweeping. This is suggested in the Introduction of Innocence where the progression of the last two stanzas foreshadows a transformation from innocence to experience. An element of purity is brought forward when the narrator uses water as ink to write, since it is typically used to represent purity. As t he narrator staind the water clear it is also implied that sins will eventually corrupt the purity of the child, and the inevitability that innocence will turn into experience is first proposed. Therefore, Blake seems to be suggesting that we find our own balance through these subtle comparisons between the two states and to enhance his disapproval of the treatments of people at that time by painting a model scenario of what would be more desirable. In the pairing of The Lamb from Innocence and The Tyger from Experience, a realistic perspective on religion is put forward when the naÃÆ' ¯f ignorant view of children is set against a cynical experienced view. The Lamb is structured like a catechism, which is used to be used to teach children religious teachings, with questions and answers in the first and second stanza, respectively. The central question from the narrator is Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? This happens to be one of the fundamental and controversial problems of humanity, concerning the creation of life and the universe. The repetition of Little Lamb, Ill tell thee in the first two lines of the second stanza shows the narrators confidence in his answer. Blake illustrates the link between the lamb and Jesus Christ, whom is symbolically the Lamb of God, in the lines: For he calls himself a Lamb. He is meek, he is mild. The alliterative adjectives meek and mild are a conventional belief of Christs traits and the emphasized connection between the Lamb and Christ is evident. Therefore, this depicts the simple and innocent faith that is typical in children because they do not question their beliefs or authorities, even though the idea of a little child being the creator of the Little Lamb should seem absurd to an innocent mind. On the other hand, in The Tyger there are a series of rhetorical questions posed, rather than one central, focused one, and the tone seems slightly interrogative, adding more tension to the poem. The question which explicitly relates it to The Lamb is in the fifth stanza: Did he who made the Lamb make thee? The poem presents a questioning of whether or not the same divine being or immortal hand or eye is the creator of both the lamb and the tyger, if so; why would He create such a terrifying creature anyway? The destructive nature of the tyger is expressed throughout the poem, for example in the second stanza. The imagery of the fire burning within its eyes exudes a sense of ferocity and danger, which is also suggested by its fearful symmetry. As well as that, the regular iambic meter with a stressed first syllable on each line gives the poem an aggressive and pounding rhythm. This brings the tyger to life, conveying its movements and the reader can feel the beating heart in the poem , adding a layer of intensity, whereas in The Lamb, there is a resemblance to songs and hymns with a calm rhythm to it. This is due to the soft vowels and repetitive couplets, giving the poem a sense of flowing continuity. Consequently, the tyger is essentially a symbol for the evil and darkness of human nature which eventually is responsible for instigating the social evils, as opposed to innocence and goodness represented by the lamb. According to that, the poem offers the reader a more experienced issue so to speak, that God produces suffering and violence in the world too, challenging the typical and conventional beliefs of God that innocent Christians would possess. Another point worth noting is that the tyger portrayed in the poem is in some ways reminiscent of the devils of the Industrial Revolution. The reason behind this is that God is presented as a blacksmith with the craftsmanship of divinity, suggested by the lexes: hammer, chain, furnace and anvil in the fourth stanza which can be associated to the tools and noises that may be heard during that period. The simple union of the two concepts of an imperfect God creating good and evil embodied in the lamb and the tiger, and the endless suffering the Industrial Revolution resulted in, gives the reader a glimpse into Blakes ideology of the relationship between organized religion and social injustice. The conflict between the discussions of creation in the two aforementioned poems leads to the imminent theme of social injustice, which Blake regarded to be made available by the Church which he also accuses to be responsible for repression. This is explored in the two different The Chimney Sweeper poems as Kathleen Raine delicately puts it: The Chimney Sweeper of Innocence can escape in dreams into a heavenly country; but Experience reminds us that the crimes of society against the children of the poor are none the less for that.  [1]  First of all, in the poem in Innocence, even though the sweeper is abandoned as implied by the lines [his] mother diedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And [his] father sold [him], he seems to be content with his situation. In contrast, the narrators conscious awareness and blame of his parents betrayal and their part in his abject circumstances in Experience is apparent in the lines: Where are thy father mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to pray. To hide their guilt, the parents go to church and praise God, perhaps so that their sins of abandoning their child to a dangerous job can be forgiven. Optimism is first shown in Innocence in the dialogue the narrator has with Tom, Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when you heads bare You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair. A sense of hope in shown in this speech, which is typical of children but it can also mean that nothing can remove the innocence of children, through the juxtaposition of white hair symbolizing purity and blackness of the soot which can not only represent evilness of man that led to this suffering but sins too; also beginning with the letter, s. However, Blake proves this to be untrue in other poems as the innocent will eventually get exposed to the corruption and distortion that comes with age and experience. On the other hand, The Chimney Sweeper in Experience acts as a complaint of the exploitation of children to be chimney sweepers with bitterness, presenting the hard reality. Rather than believing that So if all do their duty they need not fear harm like the chimney sweep in Innocence believed, which is full of naivety because he is hopeful in the cruelty of his situation and faithful that being obedient will eventually get him to the place he wants to be Heaven; he believed that Because I was happy upon the heath, And smild among the winters snow, They clothed me in the clothes of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe. Blake uses a half rhyme in this stanza to stress the atrocity of the situation and the extent of the narrators suffering. Therefore, the narrator acknowledges that he is made a victim because his parents envy his happiness so he is clothed in the clothes of death which may resemble the black soot that covers a chimney sweepers body and clothes, or it can illustrate his life of endless suffering that resembles death anyway. As well as that, the belief of the narrator in Innocence is twisted and ironic in a way since the nature of the job is dangerous, as implied in the poem in Innocence through coffins of black conveying death, so in reality they are constantly being harmed. Therefore this may suggest that organized religion sometimes makes it possible for children to be made victim of their own innocence. Similarly in Experience, the chimney sweep has been dehumanized to A little black thing and the stark contrast of colors between the snow and him is indicative that he is corrupted to simply a spot of impurity upon the snow. Blakes contempt and skepticism for parents who fail to protect their children, and authorities in England at that time are evident in the final stanza. After the exploitation of children, the parents think they have doneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no injury which shows their ignorance because in fact the children are not only physically harmed but also psychologically. The plate of this poem paints a realistic picture of a chimney sweep looking at the sky full of gloom, with a bag on his back presumably filled with soot. The effect of this design is that it gives the poem a quality of poignancy because the boy is alone, after knowing that his guardians have disregarded his safety. Other than that, the last two lines of the poem are a powerful accusation due to the fact that Blake condemns God his Priest King. In other words, the Church and the government are criticized for endorsing and upholding the chimney sweep trade, but God is also reproached for his callousness and for condoning the suff ering of His children, His lambs. Blake seems to be suggesting that the Church and the government are conspiring to oppress the weaker communities in society, for instance the poor, perpetuating their misery. The conclusion of the poem, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ make up a Heaven of our misery evokes much thought since it is the narrators realization that the authorities who provoke the suffering makes certain promises of Heaven, of eternal joy, if hed be a good boy as told by the Angel in Innocence. However, these may merely be a form of illusion designed to make the agony and cruelty of the world seem plausible and even honorable. A reference to chimney sweepers is also made in the famous poem London in Experience, bringing to light the exploitation of children at that time and the social degradation that resulted. This is shown in the third stanza where the victim, Chimney-sweepers, along with the others such as the Harlot and Soldier, is shown as a proper noun to enhance the scrutiny of the suffering they are made to endure. The cry refers to the line Could scarcely cry weep! weep! weep! weep! in The Chimney Sweeper of Innocence, which not only echoes innocence because it acts as a plaintive cry but it also urges the reader to empathize with the boy. However it also indicates that the boy is unable to correctly pronounce sweep, which comes with age. Therefore it deepens the effect of the poem since a young innocent boy has to seek ways to escape from the atrocities in life that he needs to face; which in reality he should not have to. The second line reminds the reader of Blakes criticism that the Church con dones chimney sweeping, which covered the children with black soot. Plus, the word blackning symbolizes the corruption and wearing down of the reputation of the Church and its morality which appalls Blake, as well as the citizens of London and the reader. The choice of vocabulary is very interesting here, as appalls acts as a pun insinuating death; a pall being a cloth to cover a coffin, further suggesting that the Church condones death which is also used in Holy Thursday of Innocence. On the contrary, The Ecchoing Green of Innocence, which can be considered to be the counterpart of London, depicts a day in the life of children enjoying the freedom of nature as indicated by the first line The Sun does rise representing dawn and in the last stanza, dusk: The sun does descend. Consequently, it is possible that this reflects the cycle of life as well and the graduation of childhood to maturity. Other than that, the freedom of nature is evident through the repetition of words that gives a sense of happiness throughout, for instance happy, merry, chearful, laugh and so on. It is apparent that the delightful tone conveys an idealistic love for nature and life as opposed to the revulsion of what has become of ones existence in London. The form of London is crucial in understanding the main theme; the alternate rhyming lines, and consistent number of lines and syllables with a simple rhythm throughout evoke a feeling of limitation. Consequently, it provides an initial idea that the poem will contain numerous images of restriction and an in-depth study of the fears of the people during that period of time. The Ecchoing Green however, has three verses of ten short lines with an alternating rhyme scheme. The effect of the short lines is that the rhyme is heard more frequently so the ambiance of the poem is more lighthearted instead of the dark, bitter tone of London. Other than that the rhyme enables the poem to flow, and producing the echo as suggested by the title at the same time, which brings to mind a raw setting. The notion of confinement of London is further dealt with in the ambiguity of the word that appears in the first line charterd, which is also repeated in the next line, as it can convey freedom as well as constraint and control. However when the word is put against the phrase Thames does flow, an oxymoron is created by implying that a flowing river is being restrained; further developing the notion of a lack of freedom in the city. In addition, the progression from a visual imagery in the first stanza Marks of weakness, marks of woe, to aural in the next In every Infants cry of fear makes it virtually impossible for the reader or audience to shy away from the grave topic. Blake makes use of a pun in mark where it is first used as a verb in mark in every face and next as a noun to emphasize the commonality of misery. On another note, the numerous cases in which deliberate repetition is used in the poem not only give emphasis to the subject but it also reinforces the idea of human degradation that should not be overlooked. In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forgd manacles I hear. The insistent repetition of every in this case emphasizes that the suffering and agony presented is a social norm, begging for the readers concern and attention. Yet, the last line of the stanza brings to mind the psychological torment the Church endorses; the restriction of thoughts and desires as implied by the mind-forgd manacles that bind the mind from thoughts and any outbursts of rebellion. Also, this can be related to The Garden of Love mentioned beforehand, since it alludes to the fact that organized religion and the Church has a major role in oppressing the poor. For instance, the imagery Blake uses to portray this is the Garden of Love which is now filled with graves,/ And tomb-stones where flowers should be. The graves and tomb-stones signify death after the loss of innocence, represented by the sweet flowers of the past, due to religious authorities. This conclusion can be drawn because of the imperative quote, Thou shalt not written on the door of the Chapel, a biblical allusion to the Ten Commandments, and an instrument to make repression and prohibition of expression appear acceptable whereas at the same time showing the extent of the restriction imposed by religious doctrines. Although this poem has an implicit link with London, a more obvious connection can be found between it and The Ecchoing Green, which is why many critics claim that the latter is the true counterpart assigned to it. The line that draws immediate connection to The Ecchoing Green is: Where I used to play on the green in the first stanza, where the comparison of the tranquility of The birds of the bush,/ Sing lounder around is made against the garden which is destroyed by the regimentation of organized religion. A stark contrast is shown between The Ecchoing Green and London with regards to love within a family. For instance, in the former poem the children return to their mothers and through a simple simile Like birds in their nest, Blake is able to convey innocent love in family life whereas in London even the most fundamental relationship one between mother and child, is tainted. This is evident in the last stanza where a prostitute is portrayed as a representative of women who were victims in England during that time. Plagues implies that the prostitute will pass on venereal disease to her children and family, hence the curse on the infant and the paradoxical expression: Marriage hearse. This is because a hearse is associated to death and funerals; implying that she will wreck the marriage. Other than that, the disease she carries illustrates the corruption of physical self which Blake intended to be a criticism of societys lack of support for this community. Additionally, the pun made on curse can be of the cussing due to her self-loathing for the distress she causes her child, or it can be the horrors that the child will eventually have to face in the world. As opposed to the affectionate mothers in The Ecchoing Green, she is responsible for passing on a disease. The curse can also be on society because everyone is potentially cursed; the total degradation of life and health gives a poignant yet powerful indictment on the social injustices the blackning Church makes allowances for. Furthermore, a powerful condemnation is made in the final two lines of The Garden of Love, And Priests in black gowns were walking their rounds, And binding with briars my joys desires. Throughout the poem the first and third lines of each stanza rhyme but the last line is inconsistent with this rhyme scheme, hence highlighting its importance. An anti-priest view is stated when the connection between Priests and black gowns are made because it suggests that organized religion is responsible for the death and the graves that are previously discussed. The internal rhyme in these two lines is significant because it shows the restriction imposed by the Church and it connects important words together, such as briars and desires. Consequently it reflects the suppression of thoughts and the dictatorship of the Church over peoples freedom. Similarly, the two Holy Thursday poems form an accusation against society for hypocrisy and for the grim lives of children living on charity when read collectively. The two poems depict children from charity schools setting out to St. Pauls Cathedral on Ascension Day, also known as Holy Thursday. However, each of the poems offers a different perspective of the occasion. For instance in the poem in Innocence there are repetitions of words such as Innocent, white, flowers, radiance and lambs, suggesting innocence and delight. At first look the poem seems to be of children singing praise like a mighty wind to the authorities that help the poor the wise guardians of the poor, however the readers interpretation of it may shift after reading the more realistic view in the poem in Experience. The mighty wind of their voices has now become a trembling cry which is ironic since the children shown in Innocence are full of power but in reality they are powerless when being exploited. As well a s that the wise guardians are now compared to being a usurous hand. This effectively demonstrates Blakes criticism that the supposed guardians lack the attention and compassion for the wellbeing of children as they are figuratively compared to a hand. Therefore these two examples show Blakes use of duality in his symbolisms and metaphors to enhance his complaint of society. However, the difference between the experiences of the world of the narrators from each of the poems may be due to the difference in their beliefs and their exposure to reality. Blakes usage of contrasting colours of the uniforms in red blue green with the grey-headed beadles in the first stanza of the poem in Innocence suggests that innocence is in the hands of abused authority. Furthermore, the wands as white as snow may evoke a sense of innocence but the wand can equally suggest rigidity and regimentation. Other than that, the repetition of the quantity of people participating in the occasion in the words: multitude and thousands, shows the large amount of poverty that existed, on a literal level. It also urges us to question why the charities are necessary in the first place, therefore challenging the quality of life people had at that time. On the other hand, a more explicit condemnation is made through the rhetorical questions and partial answers in Experience. Firstly, in the first stanza the flowers are now Babes reducd to misery, which shows the vulnerability of the innocence to be exploited and it makes clear of what they have become victims. Th e rhetorical question presented therefore is whether or not it is a holy thing that some people are still so miserable in such a well-developed country. Also, this can emphasize the views brought forward in The Tyger, challenging the conventional God which brings pain and torture as suggested by the phrase filld with thorns, as well as evil to the world. The answer to the question seems to be in the second stanza, where the repetition of poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ poverty! creates an emphasis on the hostile conditions, where the relentless suffering of the children are also illustrated through the repetition of And their in the third stanza. Therefore the ironic contrast between a rich and fruitful land and a land of poverty is formed, where the latter may in actual fact suggest the spiritual poverty of the system which appears to be the root of the problem. This is also suggested in the puns of the last stanza where the words sun and rain bring to mind son and reign, respectively. These w ords can be related back to Jesus and it shows that as long as Jesus is present in the people there will be spiritual fulfillment. As a result, the reason for the exploitation of children is suggested to be due to peoples lack of spiritual welfare so they compensate by being materialistic. The two lines in which these puns are used, For where-eer the sun does shine, And were-eer the rain does fallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ present a vision and hope for the future where children are no longer abused by the system. Plus, references to the nature are made as opposed to the eternal winter caused by men and industrialization, which shows the bleakness of the children. The structures of the two poems contribute a lot to their purposes too; for example the iambic heptameter and relatively longer lines in Holy Thursday in Innocence informs the reader about the gravity of the matter being dealt with, whilst the short lines of the poem in Experience is more upfront about the bitter indignation it offers. The rhyming couplets in each verse of the poem in Innocence give a sense of the march of the children that is being depicted. As well as that, the plates paint a melancholic and authentic picture of the reality of the situation where in Innocence children are being lead by the beadles whereas victims of poverty are depicted in Experience. The latter plate gives a picture of dead children and their helpless mothers in horror at the sight of them. Consequently, if we look at the two plates together they imply that the beadles or establishment symbolically led the children to their death and suffering, which may be Blakes intention after all. In conclusion, through the exploration of these various sets of poems, a deeper understanding into Blakes critique of the social conditions and exploitation that are condoned by a supposed guardian of society, the Church, is evident. This is apparent through the blatant portrayal of suffering and darkness in the poems in Experience, most notably in London where the depths of despair is shown through the Marks of weakness, marks of woe. He emphasizes that this act of inducing misery on others by the Church is despicable through his numerous allusions towards it, mentioning that Every blackning Church appalls. As a result, it makes a bold and unashamed denigration of organized religion in the 18th century. However, due to the dualism and the binary opposites that Blake makes use of through the concept of contrary states, he is also able to form an ironic satire out of certain poems in Innocence to emphasis that children are easily exposed to the evils of the world so we as readers must look deeper and help the victims. This is apparent in the last line of Holy Thursday in Innocence: Then cherish pity, lest you drive an angel from your door where Blake attempts to tell the reader to be compassionate. The concept of dualism is with the intention that the extreme conditions can be laid out and the magnitude of the problem can be recognized, especially the social evils made possible and upheld by the Church, thus the reader can empathize with the victims. Therefore, it is possible that Blake merely aims to bring the harsh conditions to light whilst advising the reader to proceed to make a change to rid of the evils of the authoritarians. Functionalism and conflict: Sociological theories Functionalism and conflict: Sociological theories Sociology is a social science that studies society and the individual in perspective of Society. The origins of Sociology lie in the 19th century but during the 1960-70s, it became a major social science subject, taught in universities and colleges, and schools. The scope of sociology has only become more scientific with time. (Sociology Guide, no date) Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behavior as social beings. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes. (Giddens cited on Sociology guide, 1989). Sociology enables to gain a better understanding on how the interaction among the society members works. Through the knowledge on sociology, we are able to improve our networking which is very useful and important for businesspeople. The study of sociology today focuses on three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. 1.2 Functionalism Functionalism views society as a system that is a set of interconnected parts which together form a whole (India, 2009). It emphasizes on the macro level of society and its various parts are understood mainly in term of their relationship to the whole. The founder, Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms: namely mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is a situation where people with similar vision and beliefs together achieve goal in the society. In contrast, organic solidarity said that although people in the society are interdependent they hold different values and beliefs. 1.3 Symbolic Interactionist Perspective The symbolic interactionist perspective, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other (Cliffsnotes, no date). According to this theory, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols (Cliffsnotes, no date). Early Conflict Theory Conflict theory was introduced by a great German theorist and political activist, Karl Marx (1818-1883). The founder of this conflict mentioned that history of social life began from providing the basic necessities of life such as- food, clothing and shelter (McClelland, 2000).In order to survive in the danger, humans realize the need to work together to improve the social structure (Hatch and Cunfille,2006, p.28). Karl Marx insisted that all things with values in society are the contribution of labor through their engagement in creating the society for their own existence (McClelland, 2000). According to Marx, the society is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie which is the owners of capital and the proletariat- the labors. Division of labor refers to breaking down of large jobs into many tiny components (Dhamee, 1995). Division of labors, therefore, leads to alienation that is the disenfranchising of workers from the product of their work efforts (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). Labor, in fact, is defined as the cost of production rather than merely the means to achieve a collective benefit for the society (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). It gives humans a purely instrumental relationship based on their economic value of potential to do work (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). Therefore, when the capitalists accepted this alienation, exploitation will take place. As The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language (2000) cited in The Free Dictionary (no date), exploitation refers to the utilization of another person or group for selfish purposes. The central institution of a capitalist society is private property, the system where the capital owned by the dominant groups is controlled by the small minority of the population (McClelland, 2000). The major conflict is on whether which group should get the biggest share of profit. The owner of the land argued that they are entitled as they are the providers of the factors of production whereas the labor stressed that they are the involving in all production. Recent Conflict Theory 3.1 Max Weber Due to the weakness of Karl Marxs conflict theory which is too ideal, Max Weber reformulated the conflict theory and thus he is also known as bourgeois Marx (http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/socthink/weber.html, no date). In the process of formulation, Weber concerned so much with testing, reassessing or developing Marxs ideas and thus, also known as the bourgeois Marx (Marxism: Structural Conflict Theory, no date) . From his study of the society, Weber went beyond ideas of Marx, for example, Weber focuses on the action in the social institution which is not the same as Marx and Durkheim who viewed the society as an object in itself (http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/socthink/weber.html (no date). Although Weber agreed with Marxs view that class is economic in its origin, stratification in the opinion of Weber, includes also the consideration of status, power and political parties (Marxism: Structural Conflict Theory, no date). Weber (1924) cited in http://www.change.freeuk. com/learning/socthink/weber.html (no date) states that status is social estimation of labours and the development of seen lifestyles. According to Weber, conflict is occurring in any social relationship when an action within it is oriented intentionally to carrying out the actors own will against the resistance of the other party or parties (Henderson and Parsons, 1947). In the society today, communication has becoming an important cause of conflict. As defined in Websters dictionary, communication involves sending giving, or exchanging information and ideas, which is often expressed nonverbally and verbally (Relationship- with -self.com, no date). For non verbal communication, messages are expressed through facial gestures, body languages and the impression through dressing, body imaging and so on. Verbal communication, on the other hand, means expressing what is on ones mind through voicing out. 3.2 Communication: Government and Media The communication between government and media today has become an important focus and struggle in our society. Governments as the standing pillars of a country, plays a vital role in ruling and maintaining a country in a prosperous state. In order to maintain the harmony, fairness and truthfully are the keys to the stability. In other words, government should treat all the society in a same way and fair. Besides that, government may manage the economy in a good way, so the society can live in a wealthy environment. However, the written communication in Malaysia is implying that the status quo and special treatment of the dominant groups, the Malays cannot be questioned. For instance, Malays are better treated by government than other races. On the other view, the media plays an important role in delivering the governments message to the public. Therefore, nowadays, everyone gains current situation on politic, economy and so on through mess media such as television, radio and newspaper. People can know the actual situations or what is currently happen in the society through the news spread by media. However, media is highly dependent on government. The media is in deep dilemma as they want to spread the truth on the other side, while being controlled by government. Intentionally, government possesses power on the media in order to secure the public trust and to build a positive image of themselves for the public. To further elaborate, government restricts and control media not to spread out government scandal and only spread good or something that is benefit for government, The information needed by the media is so scarce. Therefore, media with limited resources to spread for society is required to obey governments laws and orders and since government is the minority that owns the information. Since media is depending on government to provide them information, government has the power to control and restrict what media can spread out to society. From the explanation above, we can see the interplay of conflict between government and media. The government whom possesses the resources is possesses the power as well. The Overlapping Between Early and Recent Conflict Theories The first overlapping is that both of the conflict theories emphasizes on economic factors. In the olden days, labor and capital are competing over resources. In the world today, labor and capital still exist. The terms just are slightly different. Labor in those days is todays employee. For example employees are competing for job advancement and position in an organization or company. The second overlapping between the early conflict and recent conflict theory is on the reason of occurring is due to scarcity. Bs relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires. For example, government got the power over media because government contains the information that media needs to be included in their newspaper, program and so on. Another example in US, many of the candidates are participating in filling the position of a president. But, it is rare. Only one person is entitled, in other words, it is scarce and thus leads to competition. Dependency increases when resources are important, scarce and non-substitutable. The third overlapping between early and recent conflict theory is inequality. For example in US, there is obviously inequality, the discrimination of the Black by the White. The white always been perceived as the dominant party. As defined in Dictionary.com (2010), discrimination is an act of treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. The common discriminations are racial, gender and religious intolerance. Until today where the Black has becoming the president, the Black is still being treated as the lower class despite of the fact the situation is slightly improving. Conclusion In a nutshell, conflict theory is a theory that sees the society as a place with inequality which then leads to evolution and social change. In the early conflict theory, an investigation on social class in the free market economy was conducted. It emphasizes merely on the capitalist and the labor as the cause of inequality, which is too ideal. Therefore it leads to the reassessment of the conflict theory by Max Weber. Max Weber, being the supporter of bureaucracy, highlighted more detailed by stating that there are different types of capitalists and skills of labors are vary as well. From our discussion above, semi-struggle between government and media is unavoidable. In my view, conflicts resulted in positivity because it stresses on competition. In order to survive, people will strive to gain the limited resources which then consequence in the improvement of the society.

Continental Philosophy Essay

When beginning the study of philosophy it is hard to believe that there are so many components involved with one subject. But in reality philosophy is really a broad term for many subtopics; as is the case when discussing continental philosophy, which is the philosophical tradition of continental Europe including phenomenology and existentialism. It all began with Absolute Idealism supported by such philosophers as Fichte and Hegel. It was during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that immense amounts of historical changes taking place in the world were showing in the philosophical movements of that time period. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel begins the historical analysis of continental philosophy since it all begins with his theories. Though Hegel’s philosophies have been described as difficult his theories form the foundation for what is now known as Hegelian idealism. His theory has four main themes. The first is dependant on the â€Å"Absolute† and states that the â€Å"Absolute† is that which is most real and true and which can also think for itself. The second is based on idealism and he speaks of the objective world being an â€Å"expression of infinite thought† (Moore & Bruder 2005) and that each individuals mind thought processes actually are reflections on themselves. The third theory is based on reality. For Hegel this was not an easy concept. To try to make it easier to understand our book tries to describe it as being similar to mathematics in that everything is coherently connected to another. So in order for something to be completely true it is dependant on all its parts to make it so. Then the forth theory is known as â€Å"The Absolute† and is the â€Å"sum total of reality; is a system of conceptual triads . . . the entire system of thought and reality . . . is an integrated whole in which each proposition is logically interconnected with the rest† (2005). As the nineteenth century turned into the twentieth century what seemed to transpire in philosophy was a direct result of Hegel himself. The response to Hegelian idealism in Europe became known as Continental philosophy which includes the two branches of thought that will be explored, existentialism and phenomenology. Existentialism is a philosophical movement with its main emphasis on individual existence, freedom, and choice. Existentialism became popularized in the 1900’s. Mainly due to what was happening during World War II, many of the popular existentialists were affected by the traumatic world events of that time period. Albert Camus was profoundly affected by World War II and this was depicted throughout his many writings. According to our reading he saw much suffering and despair prior to the war even starting. He eventually became active in social reform and was a member of the communist party for a brief period of time. Even though he will forever be connected to the world of existentialism, he never accepted that to be true. Regardless of his beliefs to whether or not he was an existentialist his thought process has been forever linked. Considered to be a literary genius of his time he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. During the war, Camus published a number of works which have become associated with his principle thought processes on the â€Å"absurd†: his idea is mainly that it is impossible to make rational sense of one’s experience, and human life is made meaningless by mortality. World War II brought Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre together. Sartre is arguably the most famous existentialist. Unlike Camus, Sartre was an atheist. His main beliefs revolve around the fact that there is in fact no God. For Existentialists like Sartre, the absence of God has a much larger significance than the metaphysics of creation: Without God there is no purpose, no value, and no meaning in the world. Phenomenology is the second branch of Continental philosophy that has historical connections to Hegelian idealism and thus existentialism. Phenomenology is the direct result of Edmund Husserl’s philosophies. According to Husserl, the goal of philosophy was to describe the data of consciousness without bias or prejudice, ignoring all metaphysical and scientific theories in order to accurately describe and analyze the data gathered by human senses and the mind. â€Å"Phenomenology, in theory, simply explores conscious experience without making any metaphysical assumptions† (2005). Martin Heidegger was another popular phenomenologist of the twentieth century. He was inspired by Husserl’s works. â€Å"Heidegger, too, was convinced that it was necessary to look at things with fresh eyes, unshrouded by the presuppositions of the present and past† (2005). According to him humans are actually â€Å"ignorant† to everything, what he called the â€Å"true nature of Being† (2005). It all goes back to Socrates and our inner search for something. In reality however Heidegger and Socrates philosophies are not similar in anyway. To define humans as animals capable of rational thinking is for Heidegger a distorted anthropology. He is not concerned with destroying logic, the ability to formulate analogies, or to display ratios. His mission is to preserve the fragile tendencies of spontaneous thought processes. By so doing Heidegger sees himself as presenting the phenomenal world. Continental philosophy is a form of philosophy that broadens the gap across the continents. It was the form of philosophy that took place in continental Europe during the twentieth century. It was during that time that the main philosophers of that time were being influenced by the terror and violence that was surrounding them thanks in part due to World War II. This influential time saw the rise in existentialism and phenomenology. References Moore, B. N. & Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The power of ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.